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A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor, main memory, and other essential components connected to the motherboard. Other components such as external storage , controllers for video display and sound , and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers, it is increasingly ...
Microarchitecture, also known as computer organization, refers to high-level hardware questions such as the design of the CPU, memory, and memory interconnect. [26] Memory hierarchy ensures that the memory quicker to access (and more expensive) is located closer to the CPU, while slower, cheaper memory for large-volume storage is located ...
Modern computer memory is implemented as semiconductor memory, [5] [6] where data is stored within memory cells built from MOS transistors and other components on an integrated circuit. [7] There are two main kinds of semiconductor memory: volatile and non-volatile. Examples of non-volatile memory are flash memory and ROM, PROM, EPROM, and ...
Texas Instruments TMS1000 Intel 4004 Motorola 6800 (MC6800) A modern 64-bit x86-64 processor (AMD Ryzen Threadripper 7970X, based on Zen 4, 2023) AMD Ryzen 7 1800X (2017, based on Zen) processor in an AM4 socket on a motherboard. A microprocessor is a computer processor for which the data processing logic and control is included on a single ...
Intel i945GC Northbridge with Intel Pentium Dual-Core E2220 2.40 GHz on an Intel D945GCCR motherboard (c. 2007) In a computer system, a chipset is a set of electronic components on one or more integrated circuits that manages the data flow between the processor, memory and peripherals. The chipset is usually found on the motherboard of computers.
In early 1960s computers, main memory was expensive and very limited, even on mainframes. Minimizing the size of a program to make sure it would fit in the limited memory was often central. Thus the size of the instructions needed to perform a particular task, the code density, was an important characteristic of any instruction set. It remained ...
Direct memory access (DMA) is a feature of computer systems that allows certain hardware subsystems to access main system memory independently of the central processing unit (CPU). [ 1 ] Without DMA, when the CPU is using programmed input/output , it is typically fully occupied for the entire duration of the read or write operation, and is thus ...
See also References External links A Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) A dedicated video bus standard introduced by INTEL enabling 3D graphics capabilities; commonly present on an AGP slot on the motherboard. (Presently a historical expansion card standard, designed for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard (and considered high-speed at launch, one of the last off-chip parallel ...