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2) that many geomorphic systems are best understood in terms of the stochasticity of the processes occurring in them, that is, the probability distributions of event magnitudes and return times. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] This in turn has indicated the importance of chaotic determinism to landscapes, and that landscape properties are best considered ...
Desert geomorphology or the geomorphology of arid and semi-arid lands shares many landforms and processes with more humid regions. One distinctive feature is the sparse or lacking vegetation cover, which influences fluvial and slope processes, related to wind and salt activity. [4]
Nivation hollow – Geomorphic processes associated with snow patches; Oxbow lake – U-shaped lake or pool left by an ancient river meander; Panhole – Depression or basin eroded into flat or gently sloping cohesive rock; Pothole – Natural bowl-shaped hollow carved into a streambed; Plunge pool – Depression at the base of a waterfall
Mauna Loa is the classic example, with a slope of 4°-6°. (The relation between slope and viscosity falls under the topic of angle of repose . [ 12 ] ) A composite volcano or stratovolcano has a more steeply rising cone (33°-40°), [ 13 ] because of the higher viscosity of the emitted material, and eruptions are more violent and less frequent ...
Organisms affect geomorphic processes in a variety of ways. For example, trees can reduce landslide potential where their roots penetrate to underlying rock, plants and their litter inhibit soil erosion, biochemicals produced by plants accelerate the chemical weathering of bedrock and regolith, and marine animals cause the bioerosion of coral.
Despite this, azonal processes and landforms might still take on particular characteristics when developing under the influence of particular climates. [3] When identified, morphoclimatic zones do usually lack sharp boundaries and tend to grade from one type to another resulting in that only the core of the zone has all expected attributes.
Geomorphology (which focuses on the processes that modify the land surface) has a long history as a concept and area of study, with geomorphometry being one of the oldest related disciplines. [5] Geomatics is a more recently evolved sub-discipline, and even more recent is the concept of geomorphometrics.
Periglacial processes—those that directly involve ice—may be prominent in the early stages of paraglacial landscape response, but the two terms are not synonymous. Many geomorphic processes that don't require freezing conditions—for example fluvial erosion, transport and deposition—are typically involved in paraglacial change.