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  2. Shelford's law of tolerance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelford's_Law_of_Tolerance

    The law of tolerance, or theory of tolerance, is best illustrated by a bell shaped curve. The range of the optimum. Tolerance ranges are not necessarily fixed. They can change as: Seasons change. Environmental conditions change. Life stage of the organism changes. Example – blue crabs. The eggs and larvae require higher salinity than adults.

  3. Psychological adaptation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_adaptation

    Evolutionary psychology proposes that the human psychology consists primarily of psychological adaptations, [2] which is opposed by the tabula rasa or blank slate model of human psychology. Early behaviourists, like B.F. Skinner , tended to the blank slate model and argued that innate behaviors and instincts were few, some behaviourists ...

  4. Personality in animals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_in_animals

    In an ecological context, traits or ‘characters’ are attributes of an organism that are shared by members of a species. Traits can be shared by all or only a portion of individuals in a population. For example, studies in animal personality often examine traits such as aggressiveness, avoidance of novelty, boldness, exploration and ...

  5. Phenotypic plasticity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity

    Phenotypic plasticity refers to some of the changes in an organism's behavior, morphology and physiology in response to a unique environment. [1] [2] Fundamental to the way in which organisms cope with environmental variation, phenotypic plasticity encompasses all types of environmentally induced changes (e.g. morphological, physiological, behavioural, phenological) that may or may not be ...

  6. Organismic theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismic_theory

    Organismic theories in psychology are a family of holistic psychological theories which tend to stress the organization, unity, and integration of human beings expressed through each individual's inherent growth or developmental tendency.

  7. Affect (psychology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology)

    Affect tolerance [18] [19] factors, including anxiety sensitivity, intolerance of uncertainty, and emotional distress tolerance, may be helped by mindfulness. [20] Mindfulness is a mental state achieved by focusing one's awareness on the present moment, while calmly acknowledging and accepting one's feelings, thoughts, and bodily sensations ...

  8. Species-typical behavior - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species-typical_behavior

    The ethological concept of species-typical behavior is based on the premise that certain behavioral similarities are shared by almost all members of a species. [1] Some of these behaviors are unique to certain species, but to be 'species-typical' they do not have to be unique, they simply have to be characteristic of that species.

  9. Reaction norm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaction_norm

    For example, an individual plant might receive either more or less water during its growth cycle, or the average temperature the plants are exposed to might vary across a range. A simplification of the norm of reaction might state that seed line A is good for "high water conditions" while a seed line B is good for "low water conditions".

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