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At the time of independence (in 1947), India's currency was pegged to pound sterling, and the exchange rate was a shilling and six pence for a rupee — which worked out to ₹13.33 to the pound. [23] The dollar-pound exchange rate then was $4.03 to the pound, which in effect gave a rupee-dollar rate in 1947 of around ₹3.30.
Since 1991, the rupee has been under a floating exchange rate regime. [94] The first major impact on the rupee's exchange rate after independence was the devaluation of the pound sterling against the US dollar in 1949, which impacted currencies that maintained a peg to the sterling, which included the Indian rupee. [95]
For a more exhaustive discussion of countries using the U.S. dollar as official or customary currency, or using currencies which are pegged to the U.S. dollar, see International use of the U.S. dollar#Dollarization and fixed exchange rates and Currency substitution#US dollar. Countries using the U.S. dollar as their official currency include:
A currency conversion service was offered in 1996 and commercialized by a number of companies including Monex Financial Services [7] and Fexco. [8]Prior to the card schemes (Visa and MasterCard) imposing rules relating to DCC, cardholder transactions were converted without the need to disclose that the transaction was being converted into a customer's home currency, in a process known as "back ...
In many countries there is a distinction between the official exchange rate for permitted transactions within the country, and a parallel exchange rate (or black market, grey, unregulated, unofficial, etc. exchange rate) that responds to excess demand for foreign currency at the official exchange rate.
However, the street rate (black market rate), which more accurately took into account the standing of the national economy, has varied from Ks. 750/- to Ks. 1,335/- per USD (Ks. 985/- to Ks. 1,475/- per EUR). The black market exchange rates (USD to MMK) decrease during the peak of the tourist season in Burma (December to January).
There was a further decline during the remainder of 2008, most dramatically on 29 December when its euro rate hit an all-time low at €1.0219, while its US dollar rate depreciated. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] Sterling appreciated in early 2009, reaching a peak against the euro of £1 to €1.17 in mid-July.
The crash was driven by multiple factors, including global trade tensions, US economic slowdown, rising inflation, and higher interest rates. Foreign investors pulled out funds due to a stronger US dollar and better returns in developed markets. Domestically, inflation, unemployment, and policy uncertainties worsened the situation.