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In epidemiology, environmental diseases are diseases that can be directly attributed to environmental factors (as distinct from genetic factors or infection). Apart from the true monogenic genetic disorders , which are rare, environment is a major determinant of the development of disease.
1993 – North American Free Trade Agreement (Implementation Act) 1994 – Executive Order 12898 on Environmental Justice; 1996 – Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act (P.L. 104-19) 1996 – Food Quality Protection Act (amended FIFRA) 1996 – Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1996
An editorial in The Washington Post on April 6, 2024 discusses the challenges faced by clean energy projects as caused by environmental activists in lawsuits around the United States. One example is the Cardinal-Hickory Creek high-voltage transmission line between Iowa and Wisconsin.
In 1967, Roderick Nash published Wilderness and the American Mind, a work that has become a classic text of early environmental history.In an address to the Organization of American Historians in 1969 (published in 1970) Nash used the expression "environmental history", [4] although 1972 is generally taken as the date when the term was first coined. [5]
The American era of limited infectious disease ended with the arrival of Europeans in the Americas and the Columbian exchange of microorganisms, including those that cause human diseases. European infections and epidemics had major effects on Native American life in the colonial period and nineteenth century, especially.
Environmental epidemiology is a branch of epidemiology concerned with determining how environmental exposures impact human health. [1] This field seeks to understand how various external risk factors may predispose to or protect against disease, illness, injury, developmental abnormalities, or death.
Historian Gregory T. Cushman claims that virgin soil epidemics were not the major cause of deaths due to disease among Pacific Island populations. Rather, diseases like tuberculosis and dysentery were able to take hold in Pacific Island populations that had weakened immune systems because of overworking and exploitation by European colonizers. [23]
Climate change has led to the United States warming by 2.6 °F (1.4 °C) since 1970. [8] The climate of the United States is shifting in ways that are widespread and varied between regions. [9] [10] From 2010 to 2019, the United States experienced its hottest decade on record. [11] Extreme weather events, invasive species, floods and droughts ...