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Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas.Causes include a gallstone impacted in the common bile duct or the pancreatic duct, heavy alcohol use, systemic disease, trauma, elevated calcium levels, hypertriglyceridemia (with triglycerides usually being very elevated, over 1000 mg/dL), certain medications, hereditary causes and, in children, mumps.
The two most common causes of acute pancreatitis are a gallstone blocking the common bile duct after the pancreatic duct has joined; and heavy alcohol use. [1] Other causes include direct trauma, certain medications, infections such as mumps, and tumors. [1] Chronic pancreatitis may develop as a result of acute pancreatitis. [1]
Chronic cholecystitis occurs after repeated episodes of acute cholecystitis and is almost always due to gallstones. [13] Chronic cholecystitis may be asymptomatic, may present as a more severe case of acute cholecystitis, or may lead to a number of complications such as gangrene , perforation , or fistula formation.
Gallbladder and biliary-related diseases occurred in about 104 million people (1.6% of people) in 2013 and resulted in 106,000 deaths. [8] [9] Gallstones are more common among women than men and occur more commonly after the age of 40. [2] Gallstones occur more frequently among certain ethnic groups than others. [2]
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. There are two forms of pancreatitis, which are different in causes and symptoms, and require different treatment: Acute pancreatitis is a rapid-onset inflammation of the pancreas, most frequently caused by alcoholism or gallstones. Less frequent but important causes are hypertriglyceridemia, drugs ...
Biliary colic, also known as symptomatic cholelithiasis, a gallbladder attack or gallstone attack, is when a colic (sudden pain) occurs due to a gallstone temporarily blocking the cystic duct. [1] Typically, the pain is in the right upper part of the abdomen, and can be severe. [2] Pain usually lasts from 15 minutes to a few hours. [1]
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the inability to properly digest food due to a lack or reduction of digestive enzymes made by the pancreas.EPI can occur in humans and is prevalent in many conditions [1] such as cystic fibrosis, [2] Shwachman–Diamond syndrome, [3] different types of pancreatitis, [4] multiple types of diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes), [5] advanced ...
Cholestasis is a condition where the flow of bile from the liver to the duodenum is impaired. [1] The two basic distinctions are: [1] obstructive type of cholestasis, where there is a mechanical blockage in the duct system that can occur from a gallstone or malignancy, and