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Two-spirit (also known as two spirit or occasionally twospirited) [a] is a contemporary pan-Indian umbrella term used by some Indigenous North Americans to describe Native people who fulfill a traditional third-gender (or other gender-variant) social role in their communities. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Two-Spirit is an umbrella term that emerged in the 1990s, referring to people in many Indigenous and Native American who historically had both a masculine and feminine spirit, and who filled ...
Smithers published Native Southerners: Indigenous History from Origins to Removal, a monograph on Native Americans in the southeastern United States, in 2019. [13] [14] [15] In 2022, he published an interdisciplinary history of two-spirit identity entitled Reclaiming Two-Spirits: Sexuality, Spiritual Renewal & Sovereignty in Native America. [16]
LaFortune wrote a chapter in the 1997 book Two-spirit People titled A Postcolonial Colonial Perspective on Western Mis Conceptions of the Cosmos and the Restoration of Indigenous Taxonomies. [7] The book was reviewed by several anthropological journals and praised for its role in changing the narrative around two spirit people. [5]
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Two-Spirit refers to a traditional role in Native American society, but not all indigenous queer people identify with the term.
Similar to other Indigenous cultures, Navajo girls participate in a rite of passage ceremony that is a celebration of the transformation into womanhood. This event is marked with new experiences and roles within the community. Described as Kinaaldá, the ritual takes place over four days, during the individual's first or second menstrual period.
Before colonization, Indigenous people didn’t subscribe to the gender binary, Matson said, so the term “Two Spirit” helps connect them to ancestors.