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The theoretical base for contemporary neural networks was independently proposed by Alexander Bain in 1873 [6] and William James in 1890. [7] Both posited that human thought emerged from interactions among large numbers of neurons inside the brain.
Alexander Bain (11 June 1818 – 18 September 1903) was a Scottish philosopher and educationalist in the British school of empiricism and a prominent and innovative figure in the fields of psychology, linguistics, logic, moral philosophy and education reform.
The preliminary theoretical base for contemporary neural networks was independently proposed by Alexander Bain [4] (1873) and William James [5] (1890). In their work, both thoughts and body activity resulted from interactions among neurons within the brain.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are models created using machine learning to perform a number of tasks.Their creation was inspired by biological neural circuitry. [1] [a] While some of the computational implementations ANNs relate to earlier discoveries in mathematics, the first implementation of ANNs was by psychologist Frank Rosenblatt, who developed the perceptron. [1]
Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943) were the first to suggest that neural activity is computational. They argued that neural computations explain cognition . [ 2 ] The theory was proposed in its modern form by Hilary Putnam in 1960 and 1961, [ 3 ] and then developed by his PhD student, philosopher, and cognitive scientist Jerry Fodor in ...
Many theoretical studies ask how the nervous system could implement Bayesian algorithms. Examples are the work of Pouget, Zemel, Deneve, Latham, Hinton and Dayan. George and Hawkins published a paper that establishes a model of cortical information processing called hierarchical temporal memory that is based on Bayesian network of Markov chains ...
Networks such as the previous one are commonly called feedforward, because their graph is a directed acyclic graph. Networks with cycles are commonly called recurrent. Such networks are commonly depicted in the manner shown at the top of the figure, where is shown as dependent upon itself. However, an implied temporal dependence is not shown.
Associationism is the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one mental state with its successor states. [1] It holds that all mental processes are made up of discrete psychological elements and their combinations, which are believed to be made up of sensations or simple feelings. [2]