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The introduction of high-speed copying in the 1960s changed the nature of the conversation around availability of copies, as it suddenly became possible to produce many more copies much more quickly; this led to a reevaluation of reproductions of copyrighted materials, and ultimately the adoption of Section 108 in 1976.
Such publishers sometimes allow certain rights to their authors, including permission to reuse parts of the paper in the author's future work, to distribute a limited number of copies. In the print format, such copies are called reprints; in the electronic format, they are called postprints. [1]
Researchers, statisticians and writers (e.g. medical writers or technical writers) become ghost authors when they meet authorship criteria but are not named as an author. Writers who work in this capacity are called ghostwriters. Ghost authorship has been linked to partnerships between industry and higher education.
In book, magazine, and music publishing, a manuscript is an autograph or copy of a work, written by an author, composer or copyist. Such manuscripts generally follow standardized typographic and formatting rules, in which case they can be called fair copy (whether original or copy). The staff paper commonly used for handwritten music is, for ...
This wall painting found in the Roman city of Pompeii is an example of a primary source about people in Pompeii in Roman times (portrait of Terentius Neo).. In the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time ...
A good literature review has a proper research question, a proper theoretical framework, and/or a chosen research methodology. It serves to situate the current study within the body of the relevant literature and provides context for the reader. In such cases, the review usually precedes the methodology and results sections of the work.
The first-sale doctrine applies to copies of copyrighted works lawfully made abroad. Cariou v. Prince: 714 F.3d 694: 2d Cir. 2013 Work need not comment on the original, just present a "new aesthetic", to qualify as transformative use Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust: 755 F.3d 87: 2d Cir. 2014 Search and accessibility are fair use of digitized ...
Historians carry out original research, often using primary sources. Historians often have a PhD or advanced academic training in historiography, but may have an advanced degree in a related social science field or a domain specific field; other scholars and reliable sources will typically use the descriptive label historian to refer to an historian.