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A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7. Bobrick, Benson (2012). The Caliph's Splendor: Islam and the West in the Golden Age of Baghdad. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1416567622. Houtsma, M. Th.; Wensinck, A. J. (1993).
A caliphate (Arabic: خِلَافَةْ, romanized: khilāfah) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph [1] [2] [3] (/ ˈ k æ l ɪ f, ˈ k eɪ-/; خَلِيفَةْ khalīfa [xæ'liːfæh], pronunciation ⓘ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim ...
The caliphs are also known in Muslim history as the "orthodox" or "patriarchal" caliphs. [4] Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Muslim leaders debated who should succeed him. Unlike later caliphs, each of the four Rashidun were chosen by some form of a small group of high-ranking companions of the Prophet in shūrā (lit.
Concise History of Islam by Muzaffar Husain Syed, Syed Saud Akhtar, B D Usmani - 2011; L'islam de Pétra Réponse à la thèse de Dan Gibson by X - 2020; You Sorry You Asked by Albert L. Masler, Jr. - 2002; Islam at War by George F. Nafziger, Mark W. Walton - 2003; Outline History of the Islamic World by Masudul Hasan, Abdul Waheed - 1974
Islam appeared in western Arabia in the 7th century AD through revelations delivered to the prophet Muhammad in Mecca. Within a century of Muhammad's death the Islamic empires controlled the Middle East, Spain and parts of Asia and Africa. Because of this, similarly with Roman art, Islamic art and architecture had regional versions. As the ...
The book Al Muwatta, by Imam Malik, was written in the early Abbasid period in Medina. It does not contain any anti-Umayyad content because it was more concerned with what the Quran and what Muhammad said and was not a history book on the Umayyads. [citation needed] Even the earliest pro-Shia accounts of al-Masudi are more balanced.
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 22 January 2025. Expansion of the Islamic state (622–750) For later military territorial expansion of Islamic states, see Spread of Islam. Early Muslim conquests Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661 Expansion under the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750 Date ...