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The term sister group is used in phylogenetic analysis, however, only groups identified in the analysis are labeled as "sister groups".. An example is birds, whose commonly cited living sister group is the crocodiles, but that is true only when discussing extant organisms; [3] [4] when other, extinct groups are considered, the relationship between birds and crocodiles appears distant.
They have two- or three-segmented tarsi, this condition being constant (e.g., Psocidae) or variable (e.g., Pseudocaeciliidae) within families. Their wing venation is variable, the most common type being that found in the genus Caecilius (rounded, free areola postica, thickened, free pterostigma, r+s two-branched, m three-branched).
Molecular genetic findings suggest that the cloven Artiodactyla (containing the cetaceans as a deeply nested subclade) are the sister taxon of the Perissodactyla; together, the two groups form the Euungulata. [22] More distant are the bats (Chiroptera) and Ferae (a common taxon of carnivorans, Carnivora, and pangolins, Pholidota). [23]
Pleistoannelida is a group of annelid worms that comprises the vast majority of the diversity in phylum Annelida.Discovered through phylogenetic analyses, it is the largest clade of annelids, comprised by the last common ancestor of the highly diverse sister groups Errantia and Sedentaria (Clitellata and related polychaetes) and all the descendants of that ancestor.
In a 2012 molecular study, von Reumont et al. challenge the monophyly of Vericrustacea: they present four versions of Pancrustacea cladogram (figures 1–4), and in all four figures Remipedia is a sister group to Hexapoda, and Branchiopoda is a sister group to (Remipedia + Hexapoda). Thus, their data strongly suggest that Branchiopoda is more ...
Many studies also recognize a clade called Scincogekkonomorpha, which is a stem-based taxon defined to include all lizards more closely related to geckos and skinks than to iguanas. Scleroglossa was first established as a node-based taxon, defined to include Gekkota and Autarchoglossa. Therefore, Scincogekkonomorpha rather than Scleroglossa is ...
The authors concluded that Lithornis was a close sister taxon to tinamous, rather than ostriches, and that the lithornithiforms + tinamous were the most basal paleognaths. They concluded that all ratites, therefore, were monophyletic, descending from one common ancestor that became flightless.
Thompson et al., 2011 confirmed its separation and recovered it as sister taxon to Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus. [9] A cladistic analysis conducted by Arbour and Currie , 2015 recovered Dyoplosaurus as sister taxon to a clade containing Ankylosaurus , Euoplocephalus , Anodontosaurus and Scolosaurus , while an analysis conducted by Arbour and ...