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Non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) is random-access memory that retains data without applied power. This is in contrast to dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) and static random-access memory (SRAM), which both maintain data only for as long as power is applied, or forms of sequential-access memory such as magnetic tape, which cannot be randomly accessed but which retains data ...
Typically, non-volatile memory costs more, provides lower performance, or has a limited lifetime compared to volatile random access memory. Non-volatile data storage can be categorized into electrically addressed systems, for example, flash memory , and read-only memory ) and mechanically addressed systems ( hard disks , optical discs ...
SONOS is a cross-sectional structure of MOSFET used in Non-volatile memory such as EEPROM and flash memories. nvSRAM combines the standard SRAM cells with EEPROM cells in SONOS technology [4] to provide a fast read/write access and 20 years of data retention without power. The SRAM cells are paired one-to-one with EEPROM cells.
The hierarchical structure of NAND flash starts at a cell level which establishes strings, then pages, blocks, planes and ultimately a die. A string is a series of connected NAND cells in which the source of one cell is connected to the drain of the next one. Depending on the NAND technology, a string typically consists of 32 to 128 NAND cells.
Other common battery cell types can last significantly longer or shorter periods, such as the smaller CR2016 which will generally last about 40% less time than CR2032. Higher temperatures and longer power-off time will shorten battery cell life. When replacing the battery cell, the system time and CMOS BIOS settings may revert to default values.
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Logic circuits without memory cells are called combinational, meaning the output depends only on the present input. But memory is a key element of digital systems. In computers, it allows to store both programs and data and memory cells are also used for temporary storage of the output of combinational circuits to be used later by digital systems.
Alias analysis is a technique in compiler theory, used to determine if a storage location may be accessed in more than one way. Two pointers are said to be aliased if they point to the same location. Alias analysis techniques are usually classified by flow-sensitivity and context-sensitivity. They may determine may-alias or must-alias information.