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The Upanishads (/ ʊ ˈ p ʌ n ɪ ʃ ə d z /; [1] Sanskrit: उपनिषद्, IAST: Upaniṣad, pronounced [ˈʊpɐnɪʂɐd]) are late Vedic and post-Vedic Sanskrit texts that "document the transition from the archaic ritualism of the Veda into new religious ideas and institutions" [2] and the emergence of the central religious concepts of Hinduism.
Svābhāvika Bhedābheda is an interpretation and harmonisation of the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gītā, and the Brahma Sūtras, integrating both dualistic and non-dualistic interpretations of these texts.
The Vedanta contained in the Upanishads, then formulated in the Brahma Sutra, and finally commented and explained by Shankara, is an invaluable key for discovering the deepest meaning of all the religious doctrines and for realizing that the Sanatana Dharma secretly penetrates all the forms of traditional spirituality. [176] Gavin Flood states,
The Upanishads were variously interpreted by ancient- and medieval-era Vedanta scholars. Consequently, the Vedanta separated into many sub-schools, ranging from theistic dualism to non-theistic monism, each interpreting the texts in its own way and producing its own series of sub-commentaries. [112] [113]
Upasana (Sanskrit: उपासना upāsanā) literally means "worship" and "sitting near, attend to". [1] It refers to the worship of, or meditation on, formless things, such as Absolute Self, the Holy, the Atman (Soul) Principle, [2] distinguishing meditative reverence for an internalized and intellectual concept from earlier forms of physical worship, actual sacrifices and offerings to ...
The similarities have been interpreted as Buddhist influences on Advaita Vedānta, though some deny such influences, or see them as expressions of the same eternal truth. [ 2 ] Advaita Vedanta ( IAST , Advaita Vedānta ; Sanskrit : अद्वैत वेदान्त ; literally, not-two ) is the oldest extant sub-school of Vedānta , an ...
The Upanishads address two fundamental ideas – Brahman and the Atman; as a rule these terms are used synonymously, there is no difference between these two. [2] The main theme of Vedantic teaching is identity of the individual and the Total ( jiva isvara aikyam ), that the self ( Atman ) and awareness ( Chaitanya ) are identical ( aikyam ).
In the Upanishad, verse 2.2.2, the Mundaka Upanishad claims that Atma-Brahma is real. [46] Verse 2.2.3 offers help in the process of meditation, such as Om . Verse 2.2.8 claims that the one who possesses self-knowledge and has become one with Brahman is free, not affected by Karma , free from sorrow and Atma-doubt, he who is happy.