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Tierra is a computer simulation developed by ecologist Thomas S. Ray in the early 1990s in which computer programs compete for time (central processing unit time) and space (access to main memory). In this context, the computer programs in Tierra are considered to be evolvable and can mutate , self-replicate and recombine .
Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, ...
PhET Interactive Simulations is part of the University of Colorado Boulder which is a member of the Association of American Universities. [10] The team changes over time and has about 16 members consisting of professors, post-doctoral students, researchers, education specialists, software engineers (sometimes contractors), educators, and administrative assistants. [11]
The earliest computational simulations of evolution using evolutionary algorithms and artificial life techniques were performed by Nils Aall Barricelli in 1953, with first results published in 1954. [6] Another pioneer in the 1950s was Alex Fraser, who published a series of papers on simulation of artificial selection. [7]
A cellular evolutionary or memetic algorithm uses a topological neighbouhood relation between the individuals of a population for restricting the mate selection and by that reducing the propagation speed of above-average individuals. The idea is to maintain genotypic diversity in the poulation over a longer period of time to reduce the risk of ...
In some problems, it is hard or even impossible to define the fitness expression; in these cases, a simulation may be used to determine the fitness function value of a phenotype (e.g. computational fluid dynamics is used to determine the air resistance of a vehicle whose shape is encoded as the phenotype), or even interactive genetic algorithms ...
The success of Natural Selection convinced Cleveland to start work on a commercial sequel to the game: Natural Selection 2. Soon after, Cleveland founded Unknown Worlds Entertainment as a commercial computer games studio. Although the casual games market is not the intended direction of Unknown Worlds, Zen of Sudoku, a casual puzzle computer ...
A selection of simulated "swimbots" Artificial life (ALife or A-Life) is a field of study wherein researchers examine systems related to natural life, its processes, and its evolution, through the use of simulations with computer models, robotics, and biochemistry. [1]