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Two-spirit (also known as two spirit or occasionally twospirited) [a] is a contemporary pan-Indian umbrella term used by some Indigenous North Americans to describe Native people who fulfill a traditional third-gender (or other gender-variant) social role in their communities. [1] [2] [3] [4]
The third gender role of nádleehi (meaning "one who is transformed" or "one who changes"), beyond contemporary Anglo-American definition limits of gender, is part of the Navajo Nation society, a "two-spirit" cultural role. The renowned 19th-century Navajo artist Hosteen Klah (1849–1896) is an example. [32] [33] [34]
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Before Indigenous colonization occurred in Canada, Two-Spirit people were highly revered in Indigenous communities. [38] Two-Spirit people had very distinct and important roles, as well as traditions, ceremonial roles, and stories. [38] Once settlers arrived in Canada, they brought ideas about heteronormativity and traditional gender roles. [38]
Two-Spirit refers to a traditional role in Native American society, but not all indigenous queer people identify with the term.
Before colonization, Indigenous people didn’t subscribe to the gender binary, Matson said, so the term “Two Spirit” helps connect them to ancestors.
Makokis operates a clinic in the Enoch Cree Nation 135 serving the Kehewin and Enoch Cree Nations, [7] [8] and a satellite clinic in Edmonton, Alberta. [3] Makokis is an Indigenous two-spirit person and is particularly noted for treating transgender people from the Cree communities and around the world, with many patients traveling from long distances to see him. [3]
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