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2. Perineal massage - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perineal_massage

   Antenatal perineal massage (APM) or Birth Canal Widening (BCW) is the massage of a pregnant woman's perineum – the skin and deep tissues around the opening to the vagina (or 'birth canal' – when a baby is in this passage), performed in the 4 to 6 weeks before childbirth, i.e., 34 weeks or sooner (Reference 7, as more births are occurring at around 28 weeks) and continued weekly until birth.

3. Episiotomy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episiotomy

   Vaginal tears can occur during childbirth, most often at the introitus as the baby's head passes through, especially if the baby descends quickly. Episiotomies are used in an effort to prevent soft-tissue tearing (perineal tear) which may involve the anal sphincter and rectum. Tears can involve the perineal skin or extend to the muscles and the ...

4. Pudendal anesthesia - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudendal_anesthesia

   A nerve block is the use of local anesthetic (e.g lidocaine) to inhibit the sensation of pain caused by one or multiple nerves. [2] A nerve block can help doctors confirm what nerve is causing the pain to support a diagnosis. A nerve block can also be used to prevent pain before a procedure, or relieve chronic pain. [2]

5. Musculoskeletal injury - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musculoskeletal_injury

   Correcting one's postures, avoiding abrupt and awkward movements will avoid acute injury. [1] Taking breaks to change your position and moving about instead of remaining static can also reduce risk of injury. [21] Daily body stretches can help elevate pain from hamstrings, back and neck. [16]

6. Pudendal nerve entrapment - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pudendal_nerve_entrapment

   [6] [16] In over 50% of cases, the pain is in the perineum, but may be located in the genital areas (vulva, vagina, clitoris in females; glans penis, scrotum in males). [15] Pain may also be perceived in the rectum. [15] Pain may also involve the supra-pubic region and the sacrum. [6] The pain may be only on one side, [10] [17] or on both sides ...

7. Pelvic pain - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelvic_pain

   Pelvic pain is pain in the area of the pelvis. Acute pain is more common than chronic pain. [2] If the pain lasts for more than six months, it is deemed to be chronic pelvic pain. [3] [4] It can affect both the male and female pelvis. Common causes in include: endometriosis in women, bowel adhesions, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial ...

8. Shoulder dystocia - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_dystocia

   Shoulder dystocia occurs after vaginal delivery of the head, when the baby's anterior shoulder is obstructed by the mother's pubic bone. [3] [1] It is typically diagnosed when the baby's shoulders fail to deliver despite gentle downward traction on the baby's head, requiring the need of special techniques to safely deliver the baby. [2]

9. Bone pain - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_pain

   Bone pain originates from both the periosteum and the bone marrow which relay nociceptive signals to the brain creating the sensation of pain. Bone tissue is innervated by both myelinated (A beta and A delta fiber) and unmyelinated sensory neurons. In combination, they can provide an initial burst of pain, initiated by the faster myelinated ...