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Crotonic acid has 4 carbons, is included in croton oil, and is a trans-2-mono-unsaturated fatty acid.C 3 H 5 CO 2 H, IUPAC organization name (E)-but-2-enoic acid, trans-but-2-enoic acid, numerical representation 4:1, n-1, molecular weight 86.09, melting point 72–74 °C, boiling point 180–181 °C, specific gravity 1.027.
Trans unsaturated (Elaidic acid) Cis unsaturated Saturated (Stearic acid) Elaidic acid is the main trans unsaturated fatty acid often found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. [32] Oleic acid is a cis unsaturated fatty acid making up 55–80% of olive oil. [33]
In most naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids, each double bond has three , six , or nine carbon atoms after it, and all double bonds have a cis configuration. Most fatty acids in the trans configuration are not found in nature and are the result of human processing (e.g., hydrogenation). Some trans fatty acids also occur naturally in the ...
In nature, unsaturated fatty acids generally have double bonds in cis configuration (with the adjacent C–C bonds on the same side) as opposed to trans. [135] Nevertheless, trans fatty acids (TFAs) occur in small amounts in meat and milk of ruminants (such as cattle and sheep), [136] [137] typically 2–5% of total fat. [138]
The trans isomer of oleic acid is called elaidic acid or trans-9-octadecenoic acid. These isomers have distinct physical properties and biochemical properties. Elaidic acid, the most abundant trans fatty acid in diet, appears to have an adverse effect on health. [21] A reaction that converts oleic acid to elaidic acid is called elaidinization.
An unsaturated fat is a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain. A fatty acid chain is monounsaturated if it contains one double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains more than one double bond.
At equilibrium, the trans/cis isomer ratio is about 2:1. Numerous studies have concluded that these trans fatty acids have negative health effects. As a result, many countries have enacted trans fat regulation that aims to eliminate or severely restrict their amount in industrialized food products, such as mandatory labeling of trans fats on ...
Some conjugated fatty acids feature trans alkenes. For instance, the rumenic acid (cis-9, trans-11) is a conjugated trans fatty acid. Studies have suggested that conjugated linoleic acids, an isomer of conjugated fatty acids, can modulate inflammatory responses in the body. [6] However, CLA’s anti-inflammatory properties correlate to isomer ...