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They work by adding carefully calibrated random noise, drawn from specific probability distributions, to the true output of a function. This added noise obscures the influence of any single individual's data, thereby protecting their privacy while still allowing for meaningful statistical analysis.
The "1.2/50 μs" generator is designed for insulation testing, and produces a high-voltage, low-current impulse into a high-impedance load. The output current of this generator is on the milliampere scale. [2] [5] The "8/20 μs" generator is designed for surge arrester testing, and produces a high-current surge into a low-impedance load. [2]
A resistor at a certain temperature has a thermal noise associated with it. A noise generator might have two resistors at different temperatures and switch between the two resistors. The resulting output power is low. (For a 1 kΩ resistor at room temperature and a 10 kHz bandwidth, the RMS noise voltage is 400 nV. [3])
In signal processing theory, Gaussian noise, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss, is a kind of signal noise that has a probability density function (pdf) equal to that of the normal distribution (which is also known as the Gaussian distribution). [1] [2] In other words, the values that the noise can take are Gaussian-distributed.
Gaussian because it has a normal distribution in the time domain with an average time domain value of zero (Gaussian process). Wideband noise comes from many natural noise sources, such as the thermal vibrations of atoms in conductors (referred to as thermal noise or Johnson–Nyquist noise ), shot noise , black-body radiation from the earth ...
If the generator uses 32 bits per output value, the smallest non-zero number that can be generated is . When U 1 {\displaystyle U_{1}} and U 2 {\displaystyle U_{2}} are equal to this the Box–Muller transform produces a normal random deviate equal to δ = − 2 ln ( 2 − 32 ) cos ( 2 π 2 − 32 ) ≈ 6.660 {\textstyle \delta ={\sqrt ...
The gauss is the unit of magnetic flux density B in the system of Gaussian units and is equal to Mx/cm 2 or g/Bi/s 2, while the oersted is the unit of H-field. One tesla (T) corresponds to 10 4 gauss, and one ampere (A) per metre corresponds to 4π × 10 −3 oersted.
Also, the output moves in an estimate of gradient direction of input. The higher the alpha parameter, the higher is the effect of input x and the less damping is seen. A low value of beta is effective in controlling sudden surges in velocity. Also, as alpha increases beyond unity, the output becomes rougher and more uneven than the input. [3]