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  2. Hadwiger–Nelson problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadwiger–Nelson_problem

    According to Jensen & Toft (1995), the problem was first formulated by Nelson in 1950, and first published by Gardner (1960). Hadwiger (1945) had earlier published a related result, showing that any cover of the plane by five congruent closed sets contains a unit distance in one of the sets, and he also mentioned the problem in a later paper (Hadwiger 1961).

  3. Dimension (graph theory) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_(graph_theory)

    The wheel graph with one spoke removed is of dimension 2. The same wheel is of Euclidean dimension 3. The definition of the dimension of a graph given above says, of the minimal-n representation: if two vertices of G are connected by an edge, they must be at unit distance apart;

  4. Data and information visualization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_and_information...

    A bar graph shows comparisons among discrete categories. One axis of the chart shows the specific categories being compared, and the other axis represents a measured value. Some bar graphs present bars clustered in groups of more than one, showing the values of more than one measured variable. These clustered groups can be differentiated using ...

  5. Dimensional analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimensional_analysis

    Likewise, taking an integral adds the dimension of the variable one is integrating with respect to, but in the numerator. force has the dimension T −2 L M (mass multiplied by acceleration); the integral of force with respect to the distance (s) the object has travelled (⁠ ⁠, work) has dimension T −2 L 2 M.

  6. Planar graph - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planar_graph

    A 1-planar graph is a graph that may be drawn in the plane with at most one simple crossing per edge, and a k-planar graph is a graph that may be drawn with at most k simple crossings per edge. A map graph is a graph formed from a set of finitely many simply-connected interior-disjoint regions in the plane by connecting two regions when they ...

  7. Curse of dimensionality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse_of_dimensionality

    There is an exponential increase in volume associated with adding extra dimensions to a mathematical space.For example, 10 2 = 100 evenly spaced sample points suffice to sample a unit interval (try to visualize a "1-dimensional" cube) with no more than 10 −2 = 0.01 distance between points; an equivalent sampling of a 10-dimensional unit hypercube with a lattice that has a spacing of 10 −2 ...

  8. Scale (ratio) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(ratio)

    In such cases the scale is dimensionless and exact throughout the model or drawing. The scale can be expressed in four ways: in words (a lexical scale), as a ratio, as a fraction and as a graphical (bar) scale. Thus on an architect's drawing one might read 'one centimeter to one meter', 1:100, 1/100, or ⁠ 1 / 100 ⁠. A bar scale would also ...

  9. Scale analysis (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_analysis_(mathematics)

    Scale analysis rules as follows: Rule1-First step in scale analysis is to define the domain of extent in which we apply scale analysis. Any scale analysis of a flow region that is not uniquely defined is not valid. Rule2-One equation constitutes an equivalence between the scales of two dominant terms appearing in the equation. For example,