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Flash pulmonary edema is a clinical syndrome that begins suddenly and accelerates rapidly. Essentially all patients will present to the emergency department by ambulance. The initiating acute event often a vascular event such as intense vasoconstriction and not a cardiac event such as myocardial infarction.
NPPE develops as a result of significant negative pressure generated in the chest cavity by inspiration against an upper airway obstruction. These negative pressures in the chest lead to increase venous supply to the right side of the heart while simultaneously creating more resistance for the left side of the heart to supply blood to the rest of the body (). [4]
Opioids have traditionally been used in the treatment of the acute pulmonary edema that results from acute decompensated heart failure. A 2006 review, however, found little evidence to support this practice. [17] The National Institutes for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines do not recommend routinely offering opioids in acute heart ...
It is often impossible to distinguish TRALI from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The typical presentation of TRALI is the sudden development of shortness of breath, severe hypoxemia (O 2 saturation <90% in room air), low blood pressure, and fever that develop within 6 hours after transfusion and usually resolve with supportive care within 48 to 96 hours.
A chest x-ray showing pulmonary edema with bilateral pleural effusions. Along with: Elevations in brain-natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal (NT)-pro BNP. Evidence of cardiovascular system changes (tachycardia, hypertension, widened pulse pressure, jugular venous distension, peripheral edema) Evidence of fluid overload.
High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a life-threatening form of non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema that occurs in otherwise healthy people at altitudes typically above 2,500 meters (8,200 ft). [2] HAPE is a severe presentation of altitude sickness. Cases have also been reported between 1,500–2,500 metres or 4,900–8,200 feet in people who ...
In 1994, a new definition was recommended by the American-European Consensus Conference Committee [6] [10] which recognized the variability in severity of pulmonary injury. [51] The definition required the following criteria to be met: acute onset, persistent dyspnea; bilateral infiltrates on chest radiograph consistent with pulmonary edema
Treatment of the underlying cause is required, if possible. The treatment of acute respiratory failure may involve medication such as bronchodilators (for airways disease), [7] [8] antibiotics (for infections), glucocorticoids (for numerous causes), diuretics (for pulmonary oedema), amongst others.