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Consequently, a gravitational lens has no single focal point, but a focal line. The term "lens" in the context of gravitational light deflection was first used by O. J. Lodge, who remarked that it is "not permissible to say that the solar gravitational field acts like a lens, for it has no focal length". [11]
Angles involved in a thin gravitational lens system. As shown in the diagram on the right, the difference between the unlensed angular position β → {\displaystyle {\vec {\beta }}} and the observed position θ → {\displaystyle {\vec {\theta }}} is this deflection angle, reduced by a ratio of distances, described as the lens equation
Relativistic images are images of gravitational lensing which result due to light deflections by angles ^ > /. This term was coined by Virbhadra and Ellis [ 1 ] in the year 2000 and is used by many researchers working in this field [ 2 ] (see also in [a] , [b] , and [c] .)
The main physical characteristic of HE0435-1223 is the fact that it is divided into four frames by the galaxy WSB2002 0435-1223 G. [4] All images are spaced a maximum of 2.6 arcsecs apart, the brightest image named "A" has an apparent magnitude of 19 while the other three images ("B","C" and "D") have an apparent magnitude of 19.6.
The geometry of gravitational lenses. In the following derivation of the Einstein radius, we will assume that all of mass M of the lensing galaxy L is concentrated in the center of the galaxy. For a point mass the deflection can be calculated and is one of the classical tests of general relativity.
Strong gravitational lensing is a gravitational lensing effect that is strong enough to produce multiple images, arcs, or Einstein rings. Generally, for strong lensing to occur, the projected lens mass density must be greater than the critical density, that is . For point-like background sources, there will be multiple images; for extended ...
An Einstein Ring is a special case of gravitational lensing, caused by the exact alignment of the source, lens, and observer. This results in symmetry around the lens, causing a ring-like structure. [2] The geometry of a complete Einstein ring, as caused by a gravitational lens. The size of an Einstein ring is given by the Einstein radius.
Rotational frame-dragging (the Lense–Thirring effect) appears in the general principle of relativity and similar theories in the vicinity of rotating massive objects. . Under the Lense–Thirring effect, the frame of reference in which a clock ticks the fastest is one which is revolving around the object as viewed by a distant obs