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California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. After contact with Spanish explorers, many of the Native Americans died from foreign diseases. Finally, in the 19th century there was a genocide by United States government and private citizens, which is known as the California genocide. [1]
Before 1768: An enlargeable territorial map of California tribal groups and languages prior to European contact within the modern day borders. Before 1768 : An enlargeable map of the world showing the dividing lines for; Pope Alexander VI 's Inter caetera papal bull (1493), the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), and the Treaty of Saragossa (1529).
Before Europeans landed in North America, about one-third of all natives in what is now the United States were living in the area that is now California. [2] California indigenous language diversity numbered 80 to 90 languages and dialects, some surviving to the present although endangered. [3] Native American shell fish hook from California.
The Island of California (Spanish: Isla de California) refers to the long-held global misconception, dating from the 16th century, that the California region was not part of mainland North America but rather a large island separated from the continent by a strait now known to be the Gulf of California. One of the most famous cartographic errors ...
These California land grants were made by Spanish (1784–1821) and Mexican (1822–1846) authorities of Las Californias and Alta California to private individuals before California became part of the United States of America. [1] Under Spain, no private land ownership was allowed, so the grants were more akin to free leases.
The borders encompass the historic homelands of the Indigenous peoples of California, in numerous tribal territories present for over 10,000 years. The region was claimed for Spain in 1542, later becoming a Spanish colony (1768—1821), a territory of independent Mexico (1821—1848), and a provisional territory of the U.S. (1848-1850).
California (/ ˌ k æ l ɪ ˈ f ɔːr n j ə /) is a state in the Western Region of the United States that lies on the Pacific Coast.It borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California to the south.
The Province of Las Californias (Spanish: Provincia de las Californias) was a Spanish Empire province in the northwestern region of New Spain.Its territory consisted of the entire U.S. states of California, Nevada, and Utah, parts of Arizona, Wyoming, and Colorado, and the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur.