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The same idea also forms the basis of the current common seismic design codes such as ASCE 7-10 and ASCE 7-16. Although the mentioned idea, i.e. reduction in the base shear, works well for linear soil-structure systems, it is shown that it cannot appropriately capture the effect of SSI on yielding systems. [7]
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[7] [8] These values vary in different earthquakes, and in differing sites within one earthquake event, depending on a number of factors. These include the length of the fault, magnitude, the depth of the quake, the distance from the epicentre, the duration (length of the shake cycle), and the geology of the ground (subsurface).
This earthquake engineering technology, which is a kind of seismic vibration control, can be applied both to a newly designed building and to seismic upgrading of existing structures. [15] [16] Normally, excavations are made around the building and the building is separated from the foundations. Steel or reinforced concrete beams replace the ...
The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) was established in 1977 by the United States Congress as part of the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977.The original stated purpose for NEHRP was "to reduce the risks of life and property from future Earthquakes in the United States through the establishment and maintenance of an effective earthquake hazards reduction program."
The 1940 seismic code was developed in response to the 1939 Erzincan earthquake which killed 32,000 people. It drew parallels with Italy's seismic codes at the time. A seismic zonation map was also developed in 1942 which assessed the seismic hazard of all Turkish provinces on three levels; "hazardous", "less hazardous" and "no hazard".
A seismic hazard is the probability that an earthquake will occur in a given geographic area, within a given window of time, and with ground motion intensity exceeding a given threshold. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] With a hazard thus estimated, risk can be assessed and included in such areas as building codes for standard buildings, designing larger buildings ...
Seismic base isolation, also known as base isolation, [3] or base isolation system, [4] is one of the most popular means of protecting a structure against earthquake forces. [5] It is a collection of structural elements which should substantially decouple a superstructure from its substructure that is in turn resting on the shaking ground, thus ...