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Epigallocatechin and gallocatechin contain an additional phenolic hydroxyl group when compared to epicatechin and catechin, respectively, similar to the difference in pyrogallol compared to pyrocatechol. Catechin gallates are gallic acid esters of the catechins; an example is epigallocatechin gallate, which is commonly the most abundant ...
Catechins are diverse among foods, [15] from peaches [17] to green tea and vinegar. [15] [18] Catechins are found in barley grain, where they are the main phenolic compound responsible for dough discoloration. [19] The taste associated with monomeric (+)-catechin or (−)-epicatechin is described as slightly astringent, but not bitter. [20]
Catechins play a role in the microbial defense of the grape berry, being produced in higher concentrations by the grape vines when it is being attacked by grape diseases such as downy mildew. Because of that grape vines in cool, damp climates produce catechins at high levels than vines in dry, hot climates.
A diverse family natural phenols are the flavonoids, which include several thousand compounds, among them the flavonols, flavones, flavan-3ol (catechins), flavanones, anthocyanidins, and isoflavonoids. [11] The phenolic unit can be found dimerized or further polymerized, creating a new class of polyphenol.
Most of the polyphenols in green tea are flavan-3-ols (catechins). The phenolic content in tea refers to the phenols and polyphenols, natural plant compounds which are found in tea. These chemical compounds affect the flavor and mouthfeel of tea. Polyphenols in tea include catechins, theaflavins, tannins, and flavonoids.
Proanthocyanidins are mostly polymeric units of catechin and epicatechin. The C-glucoside substructure of polyphenols is exemplified by the phenol-saccharide conjugate puerarin, a midmolecular-weight plant natural product. The attachment of the phenol to the saccharide is by a carbon-carbon bond.
Procyanidin B1 [1] is a procyanidin dimer.. It is a molecule with a 4→8 bond (epicatechin-(4β→8)-catechin). [2]Proanthocyanidin-B1 can be found in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark or cortex), in Uncaria guianensis (cat's claw, in the root), and in Vitis vinifera (common grape vine, in the leaf) [3] or in peach.
Flavonoids (specifically flavanoids such as the catechins) are "the most common group of polyphenolic compounds in the human diet and are found ubiquitously in plants". [ 1 ] [ 10 ] Flavonols, the original bioflavonoids such as quercetin , are also found ubiquitously, but in lesser quantities.