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Annoyance implies a negative factor on an individual's well-being and comfort. Its effects may include physiological responses, central nervous system reactions, and biochemical changes. [1] Physiological reactions to sound annoyance include increased heart rate and increased blood pressure which, among others, may lead to hypertension.
Tinnitus affects 10–15% of people. [5] About a third of North Americans over 55 experience it. [136] It affects one third of adults at some time in their lives, whereas 10–15% are disturbed enough to seek medical evaluation. [137] 70 million people in Europe are estimated to have tinnitus. [138] [139]
Traffic noise has several negative effects, including increased risk for coronary artery disease, with night-time exposure to noise possibly more harmful than day-time exposure. [2] It has also been shown to increase blood pressure in individuals within the surrounding residential areas, with railways causing the greatest cardiovascular effects.
Negative air ions (NAI) are important air component, generally referring to the collections of negatively charged single gas molecules or ion clusters in the air. They play an essential role in maintaining the charge balance of the atmosphere. [1] [2] The main components of air are molecular nitrogen and oxygen.
In a specific case studied by Williams et al. 2008, a patient who received a left temporal lobectomy in order to treat epilepsy was diagnosed with musical hallucinations post-surgery. The patient also had multiple additional risk factors that could have accounted for the hallucinations including mild neuropsychiatric dysfunction and tinnitus. [12]
In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge. For example, some elementary particles, like the electron or quarks are charged. [1] Some composite particles like protons are charged particles. An ion, such as a molecule or atom with a surplus or deficit of electrons relative to protons are also charged particles.
There was a brief rise of interest in transcranial direct current stimulation in the 1960s when studies by researcher D. J. Albert proved that the stimulation could affect brain function by changing the cortical excitability. [40] He also discovered that positive and negative stimulation had different effects on the cortical excitability. [41]
Progressive tinnitus management (PTM) is a five-step structured clinical protocol for management of tinnitus that may include tinnitus retraining therapy. The five steps are: triage – determining appropriate referral, i.e. audiology, ENT, emergency medical intervention, or mental health evaluation;