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1701 — Ole Christensen Rømer made one of the first practical thermometers. As a temperature indicator it used red wine. As a temperature indicator it used red wine. ( Rømer scale ), The temperature scale used for his thermometer had 0 representing the temperature of a salt and ice mixture (at about 259 s).
Large thermoscopes placed outdoors appeared to cause perpetual motion of contained water, and these were therefore sometimes called perpetuum mobile. [3] Galileo's own work with the thermoscope led him to develop an essentially atomistic conception of heat, published in his book Il Saggiatore in 1623.
1593 – Galileo Galilei invents one of the first thermoscopes, also known as Galileo thermometer [1] 1650 – Otto von Guericke builds the first vacuum pump 1660 – Robert Boyle experimentally discovers Boyle's law, relating the pressure and volume of a gas (published 1662) [2]
These early devices were called thermoscopes. The first sealed thermometer was constructed in 1654 by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, Ferdinand II . [ 1 ] : 19 The development of today's thermometers and temperature scales began in the early 18th century, when Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit produced a mercury thermometer and scale, both developed by Ole ...
1967: Erwin Wilhelm Müller adds time-of-flight spectroscopy to the field ion microscope, making the first atom probe and allowing the chemical identification of each individual atom. 1981: Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer develop the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). 1986: Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber invent the atomic force microscope (AFM).
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as ...
In the Galileo thermometer, the small glass bulbs are partly filled with different-colored liquids. The composition of these liquids is mainly water; some contain a tiny percent of alcohol, but that is not important for the functioning of the thermometer; they merely function as fixed weights, with their colors denoting given temperatures.
As the stones were experimented with, it was slowly understood that shallower lenses magnified more effectively. Around 1286, possibly in Pisa, Italy, the first pair of eyeglasses was made, although it is unclear who the inventor was. [51] The earliest known working telescopes were the refracting telescopes that appeared in the Netherlands in