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TEC is the total number of electrons integrated between two points, along a tube of one meter squared cross section, i.e., the electron columnar number density. It is often reported in multiples of the so-called TEC unit, defined as TECU=10 16 el/m 2 ≈ 1.66 × 10 −8 mol⋅m −2. [1]
Spin density is electron density applied to free radicals. It is defined as the total electron density of electrons of one spin minus the total electron density of the electrons of the other spin. One of the ways to measure it experimentally is by electron spin resonance, [14] neutron diffraction allows direct mapping of the spin density in 3D ...
The number density (symbol: n or ρ N) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects (particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number density.
An electron dropping to a lower orbit emits a photon equal to the energy difference between the orbits. By 1914, experiments by physicists Ernest Rutherford, Henry Moseley, James Franck and Gustav Hertz had largely established the structure of an atom as a dense nucleus of positive charge surrounded by lower-mass electrons. [51]
Charge carrier density, also known as carrier concentration, denotes the number of charge carriers per volume. In SI units, it is measured in m −3. As with any density, in principle it can depend on position. However, usually carrier concentration is given as a single number, and represents the average carrier density over the whole material.
The term "plasma density" by itself usually refers to the electron density , that is, the number of charge-contributing electrons per unit volume. The degree of ionization α {\displaystyle \alpha } is defined as fraction of neutral particles that are ionized:
A barn (symbol: b) is a metric unit of area equal to 10 −28 m 2 (100 fm 2).This is equivalent to a square that is 10 −14 m (10 fm) each side, or a circle of diameter approximately 1.128 × 10 −14 m (11.28 fm).
Stoney chose his units so that G, c, and the electron charge e would be numerically equal to 1. [4] In 1899, one year before the advent of quantum theory, Max Planck introduced what became later known as the Planck constant. [5] [6] At the end of the paper, he proposed the base units that were later named in his honor.