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  2. Eye chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_chart

    An example of the Landolt C eye chart (also known as the Japanese eye chart). Numerous types of eye charts exist and are used in various situations. For example, the Snellen chart is designed for use at 6 meters or 20 feet, and is thus appropriate for testing distance vision, while the ETDRS chart is designed for use at 4 meters. [16]

  3. Lion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion

    A common facial expression is the "grimace face" or flehmen response, which a lion makes when sniffing chemical signals and involves an open mouth with bared teeth, raised muzzle, wrinkled nose, closed eyes and relaxed ears. [193] Lions also use chemical and visual marking; [192] males spray urine [194] [195] and scrape plots of ground and ...

  4. Snellen chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snellen_chart

    A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity. Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen who developed the chart in 1862 as a measurement tool for the acuity formula developed by his professor Franciscus Cornelius Donders .

  5. Visual acuity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_acuity

    Year Event 1843 Vision test types are invented in 1843 by the German ophthalmologist Heinrich Kuechler (1811–1873), in Darmstadt, Germany.He argues for need to standardize vision tests and produces three reading charts to avoid memorization.

  6. Lea test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_test

    The first version of the LEA test was developed in 1976 by Finnish pediatric ophthalmologist Lea Hyvärinen, MD, PhD. Dr. Hyvärinen completed her thesis on fluorescein angiography and helped start the first clinical laboratory in that area while serving as a fellow at the Wilmer Eye Institute of Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1967.

  7. Myopia in animals - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myopia_in_animals

    Myopia, with or without astigmatism, is the most common eye condition in horses. [1] Several types of occlusion myopia have been recorded in tree shrews, macaques, cats and rats, deciphered from several animal-inducing myopia models.

  8. Puma (genus) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_(genus)

    Puma (/ ˈ p j uː m ə / or / ˈ p uː m ə /) is a genus in the family Felidae whose only extant species is the cougar (also known as the puma, mountain lion, and panther, [2] among other names), and may also include several poorly known Old World fossil representatives (for example, Puma pardoides, or Owen's panther, a large, cougar-like cat of Eurasia's Pliocene).

  9. LogMAR chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LogMAR_chart

    The chart was designed by Ian Bailey [5] and Jan E. Lovie-Kitchin at the National Vision Research Institute of Australia. [1] [3] They described their motivation for designing the LogMAR chart as follows: "We have designed a series of near vision charts in which the typeface, size progression, size range, number of words per row and spacings were chosen in an endeavour to achieve a ...