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  2. William E. Cross Jr. - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_E._Cross_Jr.

    William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 5, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.

  3. Black psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Psychology

    [7] [41] William Cross proposed a prominent model of Black racial identity called the Nigrescence theory. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] Lastly, the reconstructionist approach examines the ways in which racism influences interactions between Black and White people. [ 7 ]

  4. Nigrescence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigrescence

    This model is depicted in the 6th episode of the 2023 TV series Unprisoned. [4] [circular reference] Charles Thomas came up with the concept of negromachy. He believed there was a confusion of self-worth where the person shows inappropriate dependence on white society for self definition. He created a five-stage nigrescence model.

  5. Na'im Akbar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na'im_Akbar

    Na'im Akbar is a clinical psychologist well known for his Afrocentric approach to psychology. He is a distinguished scholar, public speaker, and author. [1] Akbar entered the world of Black psychology in the 1960s, as the Black Power Movement was gaining momentum. [2]

  6. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_on_the_Cross:_The...

    Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (1974) is a book by the economists Robert Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman.Fogel and Engerman argued that slavery was an economically rational institution and that the economic exploitation of slaves was not as catastrophic as presumed, because there were financial incentives for slaveholders to maintain a basic level of material support ...

  7. Dual process theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_process_theory

    Ron Sun proposed a dual-process model of learning (both implicit learning and explicit learning). The model (named CLARION) re-interpreted voluminous behavioral data in psychological studies of implicit learning and skill acquisition in general. The resulting theory is two-level and interactive, based on the idea of the interaction of one-shot ...

  8. Cross-cultural psychology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology

    In 1971, the interdisciplinary Society for Cross-Cultural Research (SCCR) was founded, and in 1972 the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) was established. [6] Since then, this branch of psychology has continued to expand as there has been an increasing popularity of incorporating culture and diversity into studies ...

  9. William Cross - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cross

    William Cross may refer to: Bill Cross (1917–2015), British soldier; Billy Cross (American football) (1929–2013), American football playerv; Billy Cross (born 1946), American guitarist, singer and producer; William Cross (politician) (1856–1892), British Member of Parliament for Liverpool West Derby, 1888–1893