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Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), formerly known as Steno-Fallot tetralogy, [9] is a congenital heart defect characterized by four specific cardiac defects. [4] Classically, the four defects are: [ 4 ] Pulmonary stenosis , which is narrowing of the exit from the right ventricle;
The condition has been called a severe form of Tetralogy of Fallot. [18] [19] [9] [20] [21] [12] [11] If deformed blood vessels coming from the thoracic aorta appear alongside this condition, the phenotype is renamed to pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect and major aortopulmonary collaterals. [22]
The Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt (BTT shunt), [1] previously known as the Blalock–Taussig Shunt (BT shunt), [2] is a surgical procedure used to increase blood flow to the lungs in some forms of congenital heart disease [3] such as pulmonary atresia and tetralogy of Fallot, which are common causes of blue baby syndrome. [3]
Trilogy of Fallot is a combination of three congenital heart defects: pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an atrial septal defect. [1]The first two of these are also found in the more common tetralogy of Fallot.
A diagnosis of TOF is usually made with echocardiography, which can even be done prenatally. Most patients with tetralogy of Fallot will have cardiac repair surgery in the first year of life, where the ventricular septal defect is closed with a patch, and the right ventricular outflow tract is enlarged.
Eisenmenger syndrome or Eisenmenger's syndrome is defined as the process in which a long-standing left-to-right cardiac shunt caused by a congenital heart defect (typically by a ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect, or less commonly, patent ductus arteriosus) causes pulmonary hypertension [1] [2] and eventual reversal of the shunt into a cyanotic right-to-left shunt.
The first successful operation to treat blue baby syndrome caused by tetralogy of Fallot occurred at Johns Hopkins University in 1944. Through a collaboration between pediatric cardiologist Helen Taussig , surgeon Alfred Blalock , and surgical technician Vivien Thomas , the Blalock-Thomas-Taussig shunt was created.
Tetralogy of Fallot: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta: Tetralogy of Fallot Ménière's disease: vertigo, tinnitus, fluctuating low frequency hearing loss, aural fullness: Ménière's disease zoonotic tetrad: scrub typhus, chiggers, rodents and birds, scrub vegetation