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Urinalysis, a portmanteau of the words urine and analysis, [1] is a panel of medical tests that includes physical (macroscopic) examination of the urine, chemical evaluation using urine test strips, and microscopic examination.
The most common type of cast, hyaline casts are solidified Tamm–Horsfall mucoprotein secreted from the tubular epithelial cells of individual nephrons. Low urine flow, concentrated urine, or an acidic environment can contribute to the formation of hyaline casts, and as such, they may be seen in normal individuals in dehydration or vigorous exercise.
English: From source: "Urine microscopy for analysis of urine sediments. Renal tubular epithelial cell casts (a) and “Muddy” brown granular casts (b) suggest acute tubular injury/necrosis (ATN) as the etiology of AKI.
The normal number of red blood cells in urine should not usually exceed 3 per high power field. [13] A urine test strip showing positive for blood can also indicate hemoglobinuria, which is not detectable using a microscope due to the lysis of red blood cells in the urinary tract (particularly in alkaline or dilute urine), or intravascular ...
Urine typically contains epithelial cells shed from the urinary tract, and urine cytology evaluates this urinary sediment for the presence of cancerous cells [2] [3] from the lining of the urinary tract, and it is a convenient noninvasive technique for follow-up analysis of patients treated for urinary tract cancers.
Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit ... Red blood cells (RBCs) 0 [4] [2] 2 [2] - 3 [4] per High Power Field (HPF ...
Instead, it is speculated that cell surface receptors on the red blood cells bind with HDL cholesterol, which induces the shape change. [6] These cells were also shown to develop in vivo during hemodialysis, and disappear at the end of the procedure. The level of echinocytosis appeared to be related to the increase in blood viscosity that ...
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