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For example, for bond options [3] the underlying is a bond, but the source of uncertainty is the annualized interest rate (i.e. the short rate). Here, for each randomly generated yield curve we observe a different resultant bond price on the option's exercise date; this bond price is then the input for the determination of the option's payoff.
Both parties could enter into a forward contract with each other. Suppose that they both agree on the sale price in one year's time of $104,000 (more below on why the sale price should be this amount). Alice and Bob have entered into a forward contract. Bob, because he is buying the underlying, is said to have entered a long forward contract.
The condor is so named because of its payoff diagram's perceived resemblance to a large bird such as a condor. [ 6 ] An iron condor is a strategy which replicates the payoff of a short condor, but with a different combination of options.
Its primary applications are for pricing options on future contracts, bond options, interest rate cap and floors, and swaptions. It was first presented in a paper written by Fischer Black in 1976. Black's model can be generalized into a class of models known as log-normal forward models.
A normal forward curve depicting the prices of multiple contracts, all for the same good, but of different maturities, slopes upward. For example, a forward oil contract for twelve months in the future is selling for $100 today, while today's spot price is $75. The expected spot price twelve months in the future may actually still be $75.
For example, a bull spread constructed from calls (e.g., long a 50 call, short a 60 call) combined with a bear spread constructed from puts (e.g., long a 60 put, short a 50 put) has a constant payoff of the difference in exercise prices (e.g. 10) assuming that the underlying stock does not go ex-dividend before the expiration of the options.
The payoff depends on the optimal (maximum or minimum) underlying asset's price occurring over the life of the option. The option allows the holder to "look back" over time to determine the payoff. There exist two kinds of lookback options: with floating strike and with fixed strike.
Any derivative instrument that is not a contingent claim is called a forward commitment. [ 3 ] The prototypical contingent claim is an option , [ 1 ] the right to buy or sell the underlying asset at a specified exercise price by a certain expiration date; whereas ( vanilla ) swaps , forwards , and futures are forward commitments, since these ...