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The primary application of palladium in electronics is in multi-layer ceramic capacitors [51] in which palladium (and palladium-silver alloy) is used for electrodes. [41] Palladium (sometimes alloyed with nickel) is or can be used for component and connector plating in consumer electronics [ 52 ] [ 53 ] and in soldering materials.
Palladium forms a variety of ionic, coordination, and organopalladium compounds, typically with oxidation state Pd 0 or Pd 2+. Palladium(III) compounds have also been reported. Palladium compounds are frequently used as catalysts in cross-coupling reactions such as the Sonogashira coupling and Suzuki reaction.
Organopalladium chemistry is a branch of organometallic chemistry that deals with organic palladium compounds and their reactions. Palladium is often used as a catalyst in the reduction of alkenes and alkynes with hydrogen. This process involves the formation of a palladium-carbon covalent bond.
Palladium on carbon, often referred to as Pd/C, is a form of palladium used as a catalyst. [1] The metal is supported on activated carbon to maximize its surface area and activity . Uses
Ruthenium red, [(NH 3) 5 Ru-O-Ru(NH 3) 4-O-Ru(NH 3) 5] 6+, is a biological stain used to stain polyanionic molecules such as pectin and nucleic acids for light microscopy and electron microscopy. [66] The beta-decaying isotope 106 of ruthenium is used in radiotherapy of eye tumors, mainly malignant melanomas of the uvea. [67]
The palladium forms an alloy with the fission tellurium. This alloy can separate from the glass. 107 Pd is the only long-living radioactive isotope among the fission products and its beta decay has a long half life and low energy, this allows industrial use of extracted palladium without isotope separation. [9]
The oxide is obtained as a black powder. The oxide also may be prepared specially for catalytic use by heating variously a mixture of palladium(II) chloride and potassium nitrate, 2 PdCl 2 + 4 KNO 3 → 2 PdO + 4 KCl + 4 NO 2 + O 2 (possible reaction) or the product of dissolving palladium in aqua regia, followed by the addition of sodium ...
Natural palladium (46 Pd) is composed of six stable isotopes, 102 Pd, 104 Pd, 105 Pd, 106 Pd, 108 Pd, and 110 Pd, although 102 Pd and 110 Pd are theoretically unstable. The most stable radioisotopes are 107 Pd with a half-life of 6.5 million years, 103 Pd with a half-life of 17 days, and 100 Pd with a half-life of 3.63 days.