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Individuals with Addison's disease have more than a doubled mortality rate. [37] Furthermore, individuals with Addison's disease and diabetes mellitus have an almost four-fold increase in mortality compared to individuals with only diabetes. [38] The risk ratio for cause mortality in males and females is 2.19 and 2.86, respectively. [37]
Most people with primary Addison's disease have darkening (hyperpigmentation) of the skin, including areas not exposed to the sun; characteristic sites are skin creases (e.g. of the hands), nipple, and the inside of the cheek (buccal mucosa), new scars become hyperpigmented, whereas older ones do not darken.
Melasma affects up to 33 percent of men and women. Read on to learn what causes the chronic skin condition and what you can do to keep it at bay.
Hyperpigmentation can be caused by sun damage, inflammation, or other skin injuries, including those related to acne vulgaris. [1] [2] [3]: 854 People with darker skin tones are more prone to hyperpigmentation, especially with excess sun exposure. [4] Many forms of hyperpigmentation are caused by an excess production of melanin. [4]
Addison's disease can be caused by a variety of pathological processes. It is an endocrinal disorder where there is an increased amount of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) as a result of deficient amounts of hormones being produced from the adrenal cortex. [9] Due to this, dark pigmentation may be visible on the oral mucosa or skin. [10]
The lack of nutrients in the diet, or the lack of a balanced diet, can contribute to the discoloration of the area under the eyes. It is believed that iron deficiency and vitamin B 12 deficiency can cause dark circles as well. [7]
An Addisonian crisis (or Addison's crisis) is an acute, life-threatening crisis caused by Addison's disease. Pernicious anemia as described in 1849 by Addison is now also known as Addison-Biermer disease. It is a type of megaloblastic anemia, in which a lack of intrinsic factor causes absorption of vitamin B 12 to be impaired.
PAS II is defined as the association between autoimmune Addison's disease and either autoimmune thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, or both. [5] It is heterogeneous and has not been linked to one gene. Rather, individuals are at a higher risk when they carry a particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA-DQ2, HLA-DQ8 and HLA-DR4). APS-II affects women ...