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  2. Cardiac output - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_output

    Major factors influencing cardiac output – heart rate and stroke volume, both of which are variable. [1]In cardiac physiology, cardiac output (CO), also known as heart output and often denoted by the symbols , ˙, or ˙, [2] is the volumetric flow rate of the heart's pumping output: that is, the volume of blood being pumped by a single ventricle of the heart, per unit time (usually measured ...

  3. Cardiac index - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_index

    The cardiac index (CI) is a hemodynamic measure that represents the cardiac output (CO) of an individual divided by their body surface area (BSA), expressed in liters per minute per square meter (L/min/m²). This parameter provides a more accurate assessment of heart function relative to the size of the individual, as opposed to absolute ...

  4. Aortic valve area calculation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_valve_area_calculation

    There are many ways to calculate the valve area of aortic stenosis. The most commonly used methods involve measurements taken during echocardiography. For interpretation of these values, the area is generally divided by the body surface area, to arrive at the patient's optimal aortic valve orifice area.

  5. Transthoracic echocardiogram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transthoracic_echocardiogram

    A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) is the most common type of echocardiogram, which is a still or moving image of the internal parts of the heart using ultrasound.In this case, the probe (or ultrasonic transducer) is placed on the chest or abdomen of the subject to get various views of the heart.

  6. Left atrial volume - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_atrial_volume

    The left atrial volume is commonly measured by echocardiography or magnetic resonance tomography.It is calculated from biplane recordings with the equation: = where A4c and A2c denote LA areas in 4- and 2-chamber views respectively, and L corresponds to the shortest long-axis length measured in either views.

  7. Ejection fraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejection_fraction

    Modalities applied to measurement of ejection fraction is an emerging field of medical mathematics and subsequent computational applications. The first common measurement method is echocardiography, [7] [8] although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [8] [9] cardiac computed tomography, [8] [9] ventriculography and nuclear medicine (gated SPECT and radionuclide angiography) [8] [10 ...

  8. Fick principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fick_principle

    The Fick principle states that blood flow to an organ can be calculated using a marker substance if the following information is known: . Amount of marker substance taken up by the organ per unit time

  9. Velocity time integral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_time_integral

    Velocity Time Integral is a clinical Doppler ultrasound measurement of blood flow, equivalent to the area under the velocity time curve. The product of VTI (cm/stroke) and the cross sectional area of a valve (cm2) yields a stroke volume (cm3/stroke), which can be used to calculate cardiac output.