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The pilum may have originated from an Italic tribe known as the Samnites. [1] [2] [3] It also may have been influenced by Celtiberian and Etruscan weapons. [4] The pilum may have derived from a Celtiberian weapon known as the falarica. [5] [6] Archaeological excavations have disclosed pila in tombs at the Etruscan city of Tarquinia. [7]
Etruscan goddess identified with Greek Aphrodite and Roman Venus. She appears in the expression, Turan ati, "Mother Turan", equivalent to Venus Genetrix. [52] Her name is a noun meaning "the act of giving" in Etruscan, based on the verb stem Tur-'to give.' Turmś, Turms: Etruscan god identified with Greek Hermes and Roman Mercurius.
The pilum (plural pila) was a heavy javelin commonly used by the Roman army in ancient times. It was generally somewhat less than two metres (6 ft 7 in) long overall, consisting of a wooden shaft from which projected an iron shank about 7 mm (0.28 inches) in diameter and 60 cm (23.6 in) long with a pyramidal head.
The Etruscan civilization (/ ɪ ˈ t r ʌ s k ən / ih-TRUS-kən) was an ancient civilization created by the Etruscans, a people who inhabited Etruria in ancient Italy, with a common language and culture who formed a federation of city-states. [2]
By the time the volley of pila had reached the enemy line (usually only fifteen yards distant for best effect), the legionaries were charging and very quickly at work with their swords. There was rarely any time for the foe to find a pilum, pull it out of whatever it had hit and throw it back. [9] The formation and alignment of hastati
Vejovis was portrayed as a young man, holding a bunch of arrows (or lightning bolts), or a pilum, in his hand, and accompanied by a goat. Romans believed that Vejovis was one of the first gods to be born. He was a god of healing, and became associated with the Greek Asclepius. [1]
In some representations, such as Roman coinage, Tranquillitas is depicted holding a hasta pura, a ceremonial lance, the forerunner of the standard pilum issued to Roman soldiers, a reference to tranquility enforced/provided by the Roman military machine; or perhaps suggest a tranquil period for the Roman Armies which had been involved in ...
The Etruscan World (London & New York 2013), 747-748; Ross Cowan, 'Etruscan and Gallic Pila', Ancient Warfare 12.6 (2019), 18-21; David George, 'Technology, Ideology, Warfare and the Etruscans Before the Roman Conquest' in Jean MacIntosh Turfa (ed.) The Etruscan World (London & New York 2013), 738-746; W.V. Harris, Rome in Etruria and Umbria ...