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Use of wrought iron in construction has a long history (cramps made from wrought iron were used in classical antiquity). [6] The first all-wrought iron roof was apparently installed in 1837 at the Euston railway station in London. [7] Frame of the Crystal Palace. Beams and girders were made of wrought iron with I-beam cross-section. The ...
Wrought iron is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content (less than 0.05%) in contrast to that of cast iron (2.1% to 4.5%). It is a semi-fused mass of iron with fibrous slag inclusions (up to 2% by weight), which give it a wood-like "grain" that is visible when it is etched, rusted, or bent to failure.
Cast iron was not useful for items in tension like beams, where the more expensive wrought iron was preferred. Improvements in production saw the costs decrease at the same time as cast iron gained popularity. The puddling process, patented in 1784, was a relatively low cost method for producing a structural grade wrought iron.
The wood-framed 5-over-1 style is popular due to its high density and relatively lower construction costs compared to steel and concrete. [ 9 ] 5-over-1 buildings often feature secure-access interior hallways with residential units on both sides, which favors a U, E, C, or right-angle building shape. [ 7 ]
The two most recent variants of the cap lamp are the GEN 4 and GEN 5 models. The GEN 4 model, approved for use by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MHSA), uses the headpiece of existing cap lamps, but retrofitted with new LEDs and electronics. The GEN 5 model is very similar to the GEN 4 model except with a more intense spot beam that ...
In the US, street lights using sodium vapor were first installed on a rural highway near Port Jervis, New York, in 1933. [1] In 1938, a study of sodium vapor light use at selected intersections in Chicago claimed that the new lighting had helped to reduce the number of accidents in those areas.
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