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The six factors of an effective verbal communication. Each corresponds to a communication function (not displayed in this picture). [1] Roman Jakobson defined six functions of language (or communication functions), according to which an effective act of verbal communication can be described. [2] Each of the functions has an associated factor.
Models of communication serve various functions. Their simplified presentation helps students and researchers identify the main steps of communication and apply communication-related concepts to real-world cases. [8] [9] The unified picture they provide makes it easier to describe and explain the observed phenomena.
The communication skills required for successful communication are different for source and receiver. For the source, this includes the ability to express oneself or to encode the message in an accessible way. [8] Communication starts with a specific purpose and encoding skills are necessary to express this purpose in the form of a message.
The relation also affects the role of the participants. For instruction, this involves the roles of teacher and student. These roles determine how the participants are expected to contribute to the communicative goal. For example, teachers may share and explain information while students may listen and ask clarifying questions.
Expectancy–value theory has been developed in many different fields including education, health, communications, marketing and economics. Although the model differs in its meaning and implications for each field, the general idea is that there are expectations as well as values or beliefs that affect subsequent behavior.
Another function of communication is to mark and claim territories used for food and mating. For example, some male birds claim a hedge or part of a meadow by using songs to keep other males away and attract females. [168] Two competing theories in the study of animal communication are nature theory and nurture theory.
The self-regulatory function of intrapersonal communication is sometimes understood in analogy to interpersonal communication. For example, parents may influence the behavior of their children by uttering phrases like "wait, think". Once the child has learned them, they can be employed to control behavior by uttering them internally.
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning.The study of learning processes, from both cognitive and behavioral perspectives, allows researchers to understand individual differences in intelligence, cognitive development, affect, motivation, self-regulation, and self-concept, as well as their role in learning.