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There are four types of breath-holding spells. Simple breath-holding spell This is the most common type and the cause is the holding of breath. The usual precipitating event is frustration or injury. There is no major alteration of circulation or oxygenation and the recovery is spontaneous. [2] Cyanotic breath-holding spells
[1] [5] Approximately 85 percent of infants born with a weight less than 2.2 pounds (1 kg) experience infantile apnea within the first month after birth. [4] This risk decreases to 25 percent for infants weighing less than 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg). [4] Studies have found that almost 2% of the pediatric population experience obstructive sleep apnea. [1]
Periodic breathing during sleep occurs typically in adult patients with congestive heart failure. Periodic breathing is also a normal variation of breathing found in premature and full term infants. It occurs when the infant has pauses in breathing for no more than 10 seconds at a time followed by a series of rapid, shallow breaths.
Central sleep apnea is common in preterm, newborn, and infancy stages but a decrease in risk is found with aging and maturity of the central nervous system. Underlying neurological disorders are the most common cause of CSA in full term infants. Of the apnea related events in preterm infants born at less than 29 weeks, 25% are central in origin ...
Apnea (also spelled apnoea in British English) [1] is the temporary cessation of breathing.During apnea, there is no movement of the muscles of inhalation, [citation needed] and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged.
Over 50% of infants who are born preterm are estimated to be affected by apnea of prematurity. [2] Infants who are born weighing less than 1000g have close to a 100% risk of being affected by apnea of prematurity. Most premature infants are affected by 'central' apnea due to the developmental stage of their respiratory tract. [2]
An "event" can be either an apnea, characterized by complete cessation of airflow for at least 10 seconds, or a hypopnea in which airflow decreases by 50 percent for 10 seconds or decreases by 30 percent if there is an associated decrease in the oxygen saturation or an arousal from sleep. [43]
The purpose of ventilation with 100% oxygen is to denitrogenate healthy patients and prolong the safe apneic time. Tubes with an internal diameter of over 8mm are acceptable for most adults. Insertion technique includes visualizing the epiglottis, the posterior laryngeal structure, and not passing the tube unless tracheal insertion is ensured.