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Finally, triangulation within research is a method that can be used to increase the findings validity and credibility. [13] Triangulation in research refers to the use of a variety of methods or data sources as a means of developing a more comprehensive and accurate understanding of the subject at hand. [14]
[1] [2] This bias can take many forms. Some individuals may over-report good behavior, while others may under-report bad, or undesirable behavior. [1] A critical aspect of how this bias can come to affect the responses of participants relates to the norms of the society in which the research is taking place. [2]
Detection bias occurs when a phenomenon is more likely to be observed for a particular set of study subjects. For instance, the syndemic involving obesity and diabetes may mean doctors are more likely to look for diabetes in obese patients than in thinner patients, leading to an inflation in diabetes among obese patients because of skewed detection efforts.
Recall bias is of particular concern in retrospective studies that use a case-control design to investigate the etiology of a disease or psychiatric condition. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] For example, in studies of risk factors for breast cancer , women who have had the disease may search their memories more thoroughly than members of the unaffected ...
Control for bias in research reporting can increase trust in the published medical literature and better inform evidence-based clinical practice. Selective reporting of suspected or confirmed adverse treatment effects is an area for particular concern because of the potential for patient harm.
Conceptual illustration of how publication bias affects effect estimates in a meta-analysis. When negative effects are not published, the overall effect estimate tends to be inflated. From Nilsonne (2023). [28] Meta-analyses and systematic reviews can account for publication bias by including evidence from unpublished studies and the grey ...
Status quo bias should be distinguished from a rational preference for the status quo ante, as when the current state of affairs is objectively superior to the available alternatives, or when imperfect information is a significant problem. A large body of evidence, however, shows that status quo bias frequently affects human decision-making. [63]
The experimenter may introduce cognitive bias into a study in several ways — in the observer-expectancy effect, the experimenter may subtly communicate their expectations for the outcome of the study to the participants, causing them to alter their behavior to conform to those expectations. Such observer bias effects are near ...