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In 1882, the U.S. Army sent Brigadier General George R. Crook (1839-1890) to take command of Indian operations in Arizona Territory. [8] Crook was an experienced Indian fighter who had long since learned that regular soldiers were almost useless against the Apaches and had based his entire strategy on employing "Indians to fight other Indians". [8]
1810s–1870s Minneconjou Teton Lakota: Chief of Minneconjou teton lakota Indians, signed the treaty of fort Laramie in 1868. Father of Touch the Clouds and Spotted Elk, uncle to Crazy Horse: Captain Jack: c. 1837–1873 1860s–1870s Modoc: Mangas Coloradas: c. 1793–1863 1820s–1850s Apache: Cochise: c. 1805–1874 1860s–1870s Apache ...
In 1871, a group of 6 white Americans, 48 Mexicans, and almost 100 Papago warriors attacked Camp Grant and massacred about 150 Apache men, women, and children. Campaigning against the Apache continued in the mid-1870s. The battles of Salt River Canyon and Turret Peak are prime examples of the violence in the Arizona region.
At dawn on Sunday, April 30, they surrounded the Apache camp. The O'odham were the main fighters, while the Americans and Mexicans picked off Apaches who tried to escape. Most of the Apache men were off hunting in the mountains. All but eight of the corpses were women and children.
The Indian wars under the government of the United States have been more than 40 in number. They have cost the lives of about 19,000 white men, women and children, including those killed in individual combats, and the lives of about 30,000 Indians. The actual number of killed and wounded Indians must be very much higher than the given...
United States Army Indian Scouts and trackers had served the US government since the Civil War. During the Indian Wars, the Pawnee people, the Crow people and the Tonkawa people allied with the American cavalry against their old rivals the Apache and Sioux. [32] Sgt. I-See-O of the Kiowa people was still in active service during the World War I ...
Before the Plains tribes were forced to live on reservations in the 1870s, men generally painted personal feats in battle or hunting. [2] Plains ledger art depicted communally acknowledged events of valor and tribal importance in order to gain status for the individuals who participated in them, and their band and kin.
Keller, Robert H. American Protestantism and United States Indian Policy, 1869-82 (U of Nebraska Press, 1983). Levine, Richard R. "Indian fighters and Indian reformers: Grant's Indian peace policy and the conservative consensus." Civil War History 31.4 (1985): 329-352. Lookingbill, Brad D. ed. A Companion to Custer and the Little Bighorn ...