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2. Euler–Maclaurin formula - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler–Maclaurin_formula

   In mathematics, the Euler–Maclaurin formula is a formula for the difference between an integral and a closely related sum. It can be used to approximate integrals by finite sums, or conversely to evaluate finite sums and infinite series using integrals and the machinery of calculus. For example, many asymptotic expansions are derived from the ...

3. Summation by parts - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summation_by_parts

   A summation-by-parts (SBP) finite difference operator conventionally consists of a centered difference interior scheme and specific boundary stencils that mimics behaviors of the corresponding integration-by-parts formulation. [3][4] The boundary conditions are usually imposed by the Simultaneous-Approximation-Term (SAT) technique. [5] The ...

4. Riemann sum - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_sum

   Upper and lower methods make the approximation using the largest and smallest endpoint values of each subinterval, respectively. The values of the sums converge as the subintervals halve from top-left to bottom-right. In mathematics, a Riemann sum is a certain kind of approximation of an integral by a finite sum.

5. List of mathematical series - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_series

   List of mathematical series. This list of mathematical series contains formulae for finite and infinite sums. It can be used in conjunction with other tools for evaluating sums. is a Bernoulli polynomial. is an Euler number. is the Riemann zeta function. is the gamma function. is a polygamma function. is a polylogarithm.

6. Vieta's formulas - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vieta's_formulas

   Vieta's formulas are frequently used with polynomials with coefficients in any integral domain R. Then, the quotients a i / a n {\displaystyle a_{i}/a_{n}} belong to the field of fractions of R (and possibly are in R itself if a n {\displaystyle a_{n}} happens to be invertible in R ) and the roots r i {\displaystyle r_{i}} are taken in an ...

7. Integral - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral

   In mathematics, an integral is the continuous analog of a sum, which is used to calculate areas, volumes, and their generalizations. Integration, the process of computing an integral, is one of the two fundamental operations of calculus, [a] the other being differentiation. Integration was initially used to solve problems in mathematics and ...