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Sometimes the term civil society is used in the more general sense of "the elements such as freedom of speech, an independent judiciary, etc, that make up a democratic society" (Collins English Dictionary). [3] Especially in the discussions among thinkers of Eastern and Central Europe, civil society is seen also as a normative concept of civic ...
As a concept, civic space is also closely related to the evolution of the concept of civil society. While the ideas embodied in civil society can be traced to many different civilisations, the term civil society has many different definitions but has its roots in ancient Greece and the early work of Aristotle on the concepts of "community" or ...
However, other forms of political participation, such as membership in a political party, civil society organization, and labor unions, are rarely used. [73] There are several examples of mass direct action throughout history, including the long-running communist rebellion in the Philippines and the multiple "People Power" events.
[46]: 18 Election concerns led to the National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections being formed, an early example of civil society organization that prominently included World War II veterans. This movement was supported by the United States, who desired the Philippines to be an example of democracy as the Cold War reached Asia, and by the ...
The concept of "human rights," in the context of the Philippines, pertains mainly (but is not limited) to the civil and political rights of a person living in the Philippines. [4] Human rights are a justified set of claims that set moral standards to members of the human race, not exclusive to a specific community or citizenship. [5]
The Bantayog ng mga Bayani was put up by civil society groups and inaugurated in 1992 to commemorate the struggle against the Marcos dictatorship, and the People Power Revolution as a key turning point in the struggle. The site's Wall of Remembrance has an extensively researched list of the martyrs and heroes who fought the authoritarian regime.
On the other hand, some social movements do not aim to make society more egalitarian, but to maintain or amplify existing power relationships. For example, scholars have described fascism as a social movement. [5] Political science and sociology have developed a variety of theories and empirical research on social movements. [6]
The media reports of the time just before the declaration of Martial Law classified the various Nationalist civil society groups opposing Marcos into two categories. [ 59 ] [ 60 ] The "moderates", which included church groups, civil libertarians, and nationalist politicians, were those who wanted to create change through political reforms. [ 59 ]