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The two inflected classes, verb and adjective, are closed classes, meaning they do not readily gain new members. [1] [2] Instead, new and borrowed verbs and adjectives are conjugated periphrastically as verbal noun + suru (e.g. benkyō suru (勉強する, do studying; study)) and adjectival noun + na.
For instance, when the preposition по is used to mean "along", its object is always in dative case, as in По бокам, meaning "along the sides." Other Slavic languages apply the dative case (and the other cases) more or less the same way as does Russian; some languages may use the dative in other ways. The following examples are from Polish:
The Japanese language makes use of a system of honorific speech, called keishō (敬称), which includes honorific suffixes and prefixes when talking to, or referring to others in a conversation. Suffixes are often gender-specific at the end of names, while prefixes are attached to the beginning of many nouns.
When reading verbs such as these, the correct word meaning can be ascertained through the different kanji or accentuation. (See also Japanese pitch accent.) However, ambiguity is usually removed if the verbs have been conjugated somehow, because different word groups conjugate with slightly varying pronunciations. For example:
Japanese does not have equivalents of prepositions like "on" or "about", and often uses particles along with verbs and nouns to modify another word where English might use prepositions. For example, ue is a noun meaning "top/up"; and ni tsuite is a fixed verbal expression meaning "concerning":
The title, Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod (English: the dative is the death of the genitive) is a way of saying Der Dativ ist der Tod des Genitivs or Der Dativ ist des Genitivs Tod, a reference to a linguistic phenomenon in certain dialects of German where a noun in genitive case is replaced by a possessive adjective and noun in the dative ...
Anxious airline flyers may well remember 2024 as the year their worst fears about the safety of air travel felt confirmed, as a series of unprecedented, and in some cases fatal, airplane incidents ...
Japanese pronouns (代名詞, daimeishi) are words in the Japanese language used to address or refer to present people or things, where present means people or things that can be pointed at. The position of things (far away, nearby) and their role in the current interaction (goods, addresser, addressee , bystander) are features of the meaning ...