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A statistical analysis of empires by complex systems specialist Samuel Arbesman suggests that collapse is generally a random event and does not depend on age. That is analogous to what evolutionary biologists call the Red Queen hypothesis , which asserts that for a species in a harsh ecology, extinction is a persistent possibility.
Free States of Menton and Roquebrune – Seceded from Monaco in 1848, under nominal protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia, then annexed by France in 1861. Moresnet – 1816–1920, Tiny European territory that endured for a hundred years before definitively becoming part of Belgium. Natalia Republic – 1839–1843, Was quickly made into a ...
Congo Free State: 1885: 1908: 23 Crimean Khanate: 1441: 1783: 342 Crown of Aragon: 1162: 1716: 554 Crown of Castile: 1230: 1716: 486 Dacian Kingdom: 82 BC: 106: 188 Kingdom of Dagbon: 1200: 1896: 696 Danish Colonial Empire: 1536: 1953: 417 Delhi Sultanate: 1206: 1526: 320 Pallava Empire: 275: 897: 622 Demak Sultanate: 1475: 1554: 79 Durrani ...
His death was a significant event in Indian history, marking the end of the golden era of the Maratha Empire. Sambhaji's wife and minor son, later named Shahuji was taken into the Mughal camp, and Rajaram, who was now an adult, was re-established as ruler; he quickly moved his base to Gingee , far into the Tamil country . [ 52 ]
Robert Drews described the collapse as "arguably the worst disaster in ancient history, even more calamitous than the collapse of the Western Roman Empire". [86] Cultural memories of the disaster told of a "lost golden age". For example, Hesiod spoke of Ages of Gold, Silver, and Bronze, separated from the cruel modern Age of Iron by the Age of ...
The Middle Assyrian Empire was the third stage of Assyrian history, covering the history of Assyria from the accession of Ashur-uballit I c. 1363 BC and the rise of Assyria as a territorial kingdom [1] to the death of Ashur-dan II in 912 BC. [a] The Middle Assyrian Empire was Assyria's first period of ascendancy as an empire. Though the empire ...
Increasing pressure from invading peoples outside Roman culture also contributed greatly to the collapse. Climatic changes and both endemic and epidemic disease drove many of these immediate factors. [1] The reasons for the collapse are major subjects of the historiography of the ancient world and they inform much modern discourse on state failure.
The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy [1] or the Imperial Crisis, was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration. At the height of the crisis, the Roman state split into three distinct and ...