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There are two important foramina, or windows, two important fissures, or grooves, and one canal surrounding the globe in the orbit. There is a supraorbital foramen, an infraorbital foramen, a superior orbital fissure, an inferior orbital fissure and the optic canal, each of which contains structures that are crucial to normal eye functioning.
Tenon's capsule may be affected by a disease called idiopathic orbital inflammation, a condition of unknown etiology that is characterized by inflammation of one or more layers of the eye. The disease is also known as orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, and sometimes may only affect the lacrimal gland or the extraocular muscles. [2]
Idiopathic orbital inflammatory (IOI) disease refers to a marginated mass-like enhancing soft tissue involving any area of the orbit. It is the most common painful orbital mass in the adult population, and is associated with proptosis , cranial nerve palsy ( Tolosa–Hunt syndrome ), uveitis , and retinal detachment .
Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor). Complete or partial dislocation from the orbit is also possible from trauma or ...
Tenonitis is a rare eye disease [1] that is represented by inflammation of Tenon's capsule. Tenon's capsule, also known as the fascial sheath of the eyeball, is a structure surrounding the eyeball, and when it becomes inflamed it may cause issues in regards to vision. Also known as orbital tenonitis, tenonitis is associated with the SLC26A3 ...
Superior orbital fissure syndrome, also known as Rochon-Duvigneaud's syndrome, [4] [5] is a neurological disorder that results if the superior orbital fissure is fractured. Involvement of the cranial nerves that pass through the superior orbital fissure may lead to diplopia , paralysis of extraocular muscles, exophthalmos , and ptosis .
In mild disease, patients present with eyelid retraction. In fact, upper eyelid retraction is the most common ocular sign of Graves' orbitopathy. This finding is associated with lid lag on infraduction (Von Graefe's sign), eye globe lag on supraduction (Kocher's sign), a widened palpebral fissure during fixation (Dalrymple's sign) and an incapacity of closing the eyelids completely ...
The superior ophthalmic vein is the only orbital vein whose course generally parallels the course of an orbital artery: it has a similar course as the ophthalmic artery [1] (however, the latter instead exits the orbit through the optic canal). [2] Within the orbit, the superior ophthalmic vein passes posterior-ward alongside the ophthalmic artery.