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The shrink–swell capacity of soils refers to the extent certain clay minerals will expand when wet and retract when dry. Soil with a high shrink–swell capacity is problematic and is known as shrink–swell soil, or expansive soil . [ 1 ]
The London Clay Formation is a marine geological formation of Ypresian (early Eocene Epoch, c. 54-50 million years ago) [1] age which crops out in the southeast of England. The London Clay is well known for its fossil content. The fossils from the lower Eocene rocks indicate a moderately warm climate, the tropical or subtropical flora.
In places, there are deposits of brickearth, which is a mixture of clay and sand that has supported London's long-standing brick-making industry. On top of these natural layers are the deposits of hundreds of years of human occupation. In the oldest parts the City of London and the City of Westminster this layer can be up to 6 metres deep. [5]
The geology of England is mainly sedimentary. The youngest rocks are in the south east around London , progressing in age in a north westerly direction. [ 1 ] The Tees–Exe line marks the division between younger, softer and low-lying rocks in the south east and the generally older and harder rocks of the north and west which give rise to ...
The majority of the rest of England and Wales north of the Variscan Front are considered to constitute the Avalon composite terrane. Central to this composite terrane is the triangular-shaped Midlands Microcraton ; within it, the north–south aligned Malvern line (or 'Malvern lineament') divides the Wrekin terrane in the west from the ...
Column 4 indicates on which sheet, if any, of the British Geological Survey's 1:50,000 / 1" scale geological map series of England and Wales, the fault is shown and named (either on map/s or cross-section/s or both). A handful of BGS maps at other scales are listed too.
This is a selected list of notable, natural landscape features in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It includes isolated, scenic, or spectacular surface rock outcrops. These formations are usually the result of weathering and erosion sculpting the existing rock.
Geological map of the London Basin. The London Basin is an elongated, roughly triangular sedimentary basin approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) long which underlies London and a large area of south east England, south eastern East Anglia and the adjacent North Sea.