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A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers (determiners, adjectives, participles, and numerals) that corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording. [1] In various languages, nominal groups consisting of a noun and its modifiers belong to one of a few such categories.
(Note: the case in Slavic languages termed the "locative case" in English is actually a prepositional case.) Pergressive case: vicinity: in the vicinity of the house Kamu: Pertingent case: contacting: touching the house Tlingit | Archi: Postessive case: posterior: after the house Lezgian | Agul: Subessive case: under: under/below the house Tsez ...
Afrikaans; Anarâškielâ; العربية; Aragonés; Արեւմտահայերէն; Asturianu; Azərbaycanca; Беларуская; Беларуская ...
The personal pronouns retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class (a remnant of the more extensive Germanic case system of Old English). For other pronouns, and all nouns, adjectives, and articles, grammatical function is indicated only by word order, by prepositions, and by the "Saxon genitive or English possessive" (-'s ...
The direct case contrasts with other cases in the language, typically oblique or genitive. The direct case is often imprecisely called the "nominative" in South Asia and "absolutive" in the Philippines, but linguists typically reserve those terms for grammatical cases that have a narrower scope. (See nominative case and absolutive case.)
The instrumental case is notably used in Russian, where the case is called творительный падеж (tvoritel'nyj padež) though similar usages also can be found in other Balto-Slavic languages. In most declension paradigms, the instrumental case in Russian can generally be distinguished by the -ом ("-om") suffix for most masculine ...
pig -ja - 1. POSS -naka - PL -taki - BEN -w(a) - DECL khuchi -ja -naka -taki -w(a) pig -1.POSS -PL -BEN -DECL 'for my pigs' Benefactive meaning may also be marked on the verb, in a common type of applicative voice. Autobenefactive An autobenefactive case or voice marks a case where the agents and the benefactor are one and the same. In Rhinelandic colloquial German, one finds expressions like ...
The partitive case comes from the older ablative case. This meaning is preserved e.g. in kotoa (from home), takaa (from behind), where it means "from". A Western Finnish dialectal phenomenon seen in some dialects is the assimilation of the final -a into a preceding vowel, thus making the chroneme the partitive marker.