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The key is the electrical resistance, which is what generates the heat required: the resistance in a steelmaking furnace is the atmosphere, while in a submerged-arc furnace, the slag (or charge) supplies the resistance. The liquid metal formed in either furnace is too conductive to form an effective heat-generating resistance.
An electric arc between two nails. An electric arc (or arc discharge) is an electrical breakdown of a gas that produces a prolonged electrical discharge. The current through a normally nonconductive medium such as air produces a plasma, which may produce visible light. An arc discharge is initiated either by thermionic emission or by field ...
The efficiency by which electricity is converted to heat depends upon on salt, water, and fat content due to their thermal conductivity and resistance factors. [13] In particulate foods, the particles heat up faster than the liquid matrix due to higher resistance to electricity and matching conductivity can contribute to uniform heating. [11]
A submerge-arc furnace's shell or casing is fabricated from steel. The lower part is lined with hard blocks of strongly calcined carbon, and the upper part with firebrick. The floor and lower section of the furnace are water-cooled. Three electrodes are placed at the angles of an equilateral triangle with rounded corners.
The SI unit of absolute thermal resistance is kelvins per watt (K/W) or the equivalent degrees Celsius per watt (°C/W) – the two are the same since the intervals are equal: ΔT = 1 K = 1 °C. The thermal resistance of materials is of great interest to electronic engineers because most electrical components generate heat and need to be cooled.
arc furnace A furnace that melts material by use of an electric arc. arc lamp An electric lamp that generates light from an electric arc. arc welder A device used to join metals by melting them with an electric arc. armature That part of an electrical machine that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy (or vice versa). artificial ...
According to the US EPA, geothermal heat pumps can reduce energy consumption up to 44% compared with air source heat pumps and up to 72% compared with electric resistance heating. [4] The high purchase price of a heat pump vs resistance heaters may be offset when air conditioning is also needed.
An electric furnace; A central heating plant for a home or building; An electric arc furnace used for steel making and smelting of certain ores; An industrial heat treating furnace; An electrically heated kiln; An induction furnace used for preparation of special alloys; A modern muffle furnace