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Parchment is a writing material made from specially prepared untanned skins of animals—primarily sheep, calves, and goats. It has been used as a writing medium for over two millennia. It has been used as a writing medium for over two millennia.
The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
The ideal storage and display environment is oxygen-free, as oxygen prevalence has been shown to react with collagen over time, leading to increased brittleness of parchment. Oxygen-free storage and display cases are filled with inert gas as well as a chemical substance that reacts as an absorber if any stray oxygen leaks into the encasement. [13]
The Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus, a Greek manuscript of the Bible from the 5th century, is a palimpsest.. In textual studies, a palimpsest (/ ˈ p æ l ɪ m p s ɛ s t /) is a manuscript page, either from a scroll or a book, from which the text has been scraped or washed off in preparation for reuse [1] in the form of another document. [2]
Parchment or vellum, as the best type of parchment is known, had also replaced papyrus, which was not nearly so long lived and has survived to the present almost exclusively in the very dry climate of Egypt, [Note 1] although it was widely used across the Roman world. Parchment is made of animal skin, normally calf, sheep, or goat, but also ...
A scroll (from the Old French escroe or escroue) is a roll of papyrus, parchment, or paper containing writing. [1] The history of scrolls dates back to ancient Egypt. In most ancient literate cultures scrolls were the earliest format for longer documents written in ink or paint on a flexible background, preceding bound books ; [ 2 ] rigid media ...
Medical manuscript on paper and parchment. [3] Dublin, National Library of Ireland G 10 (olim Phillips MS 10266) 16th century Composite manuscript on parchment. [3] Dublin, National Library of Ireland G 11 (olim Phillips MS 10297) 2nd quarter of the 15th century Medical tracts translated from Latin to Irish, followed by a small section of legal ...
Parchment was a common way to produce manuscripts. [1] Manuscript creators eventually transitioned to using paper in later centuries with the diffusion of paper-making in the Islamic empire. When Muslims encountered paper in Central Asia, its use and production spread to Iran, Iraq, Syria, Egypt, and North Africa during the 8th century.